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Summary

The constraint identified is the volume and quality of Chinese-language training data: roughly twelve times less online than English, despite three times as many native speakers.

The reasons are historical — why English became the world’s common language, and the century of humiliation during which China was held down.

The result is that China has researchers and capital while still lacking one of the most basic raw materials.

Key points

1. 01

   Data is a resource you cannot build retroactively

   Unlike chips, text on the internet accumulated in a past that cannot be revised.

2. 02

   Speakers do not translate into data

   Three times the speakers and a twelfth of the text is a gap that only history explains.

3. 03

   History leaves its mark in the data layer

   The period a country spent suppressed is the period it did not publish knowledge in its own language.

4. 04

   Synthetic data eases the constraint

   Whether it substitutes fully is still unsettled — an open question for the whole field.