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Summary
The conflict begins with one territory claimed by both sides, layered with religious significance and with Jewish immigration under the Zionist movement.
British rule and the UN partition led to the war over Israel’s founding, the Six-Day War, the rise of the PLO, the Oslo Accords and the intifadas.
The withdrawal from Gaza did not settle anything; the cost fell on civilians on both sides, and the international community split along the same lines.
Lebanon and Hezbollah enter as the northern front that ties this conflict into the wider politics of the region.
Key points
Both sides claim the same land
That is the core of it, and why partial agreements have never been enough.
Britain and the UN drew the original lines
Partition imposed from outside created terms neither side fully accepted.
Oslo was an attempt that fell short
The accords were real, but they were followed by intifada and deeper mistrust.
Withdrawal was not resolution
Leaving Gaza changed the shape of the conflict rather than ending it.
Lebanon is the second front
Hezbollah means this is not confined to two parties.
Understanding both views comes first
There is no short answer, and picking a side without understanding the other misreads the situation.